1. 关于宪法，尤其是第二、第九和第十修正案
(1)
Right to keepand bear arms:
引申重点：控枪issue
The SecondAmendment to the Constitution, which protects the citizens’ right to bear arms,has led to a debate over whether the Constitution porotects citizen’s rights tobear arms under all circumstances, or only when those citizens serve in “well-regulatedmilitias”.
The secondAmendment’s provision for the people’s right to bear arms has become a rallyingcall of interest groups as well as a caveat of many segments of society.
Keyterms 关键词:
The National Rifle Association
UnitedStates v. Miller (1939)
Districtof Columbia v. Heller(2008)
McDonaldv. Chicago (2010)
National Firearms Act of 1934
Brady Bill in 1993
Crime Bill in 1994
lobby
individual’s right
(2)
Undefindright: the Ninth Amendment
引申重点：女权和隐私权issue;
the Tenth Amendment
引申重点：联邦权和州权issue
The NinthAmendment reaffirms the principles of a limited federal government. “Theenumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed todeny or disparage others restained by the people” means that rights notspecifically mentioned in the Constitution are still protected even though thatright is mentioned nowhere in the Bill of Rights. Although somewhat vague inits premise, the Ninth Amendment has led to the implied right to privacy andother questions regarding individual rights not identified or even understoodat the time of the creation of the Constitution.
The TenthAmendment defines the relationship between the states and the nationalgovernment under the concept of federalism. It states that when powers are notdefined or delegated by the Constitution, the states have reserved power to make their own individual judgments.
The Ninth andTenth Amendments to the Constitution further define rigths not listed in theConstitution to the people and states.
Keyterms 关键词:
UnitedStates v. Lopez (1995)
Printz,Sheriff/Coroner, Ravalli County, Montana v. United States (1997)
Gonzalesv. Oregon (2006)
NationalFederation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
mandate
block grants
categorical grants
competitive federalism
cooperative federalism
creative federalism
devolution
dual federalism
fiscal federalism
new federalism
2. 关于最高法院法官提名
（1）
The Constitutiondivided the responsibility for choosing Supreme Court Justices. The power ofappointment is granted to the President with the confirmation by the Senate. Whennominating candidates to the federal courts, and getting the nominees confirmedis often difficult, the presidents have to consider many factors on theappointment perocess: the first is the consideration of judical ideology which has becomeincreasingly important in the selection of Supreme Court Justices; other issuessuch as fellings of interest groups, public opinion, media opinion, and ethicaland moral private actions of the nominees have been part of the seletionprocess.
Keyterms关键词:
Article II
checks and balances
separation of power
judicial review
original jurisdiction
appellate jurisdiction
federal district court
circuit court of appeals
Supreme Court
precedent
appeal
appointment power
nomination
advice and consent
senatorial courtesy
the Senate Judiciary Committee
confirmation
background check
characteristics
political party
interest groups
American Bar Association
public opinion
media opinion
ethical and moral private actions
minority
women
African-Americans
Hispanic
recess appointment
judicial philosophy
judicial activism
judicial restraint
dissenting opinion
concurring opinion
release
Roe v. Wade
Robert Bork (Nominated by President Reagan, rejected by the Senate)
Douglas Ginsburg (Nominated by President Reagan, then withdrew)
Anthony Kennedy (Nominated by President Reagan)
Clarence Thomas (Nominated by President Bush, narrowly confirmed bya vote of 52-48)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Nominated by President Clinton, received easySenate approval)
Stephen Breyer (Nominated by President Clinton, received easy Senateapproval)
John Roberts (Nominated by President George W. Bush, first asJustice, then as Chief Justice)
Sonia Sotomayor (Nominated by President Obama, firstHispanic-American judge)
Elena Kagan (Nominated by President Obama)
3. 关于行政机关/官僚机构
（算是冷门，也该考考了）
Keyterms关键词:
bureaucracy
specialization
centralization
formal rules
standardization
expertise
accountability
depatments (15个)
independent regulatory commission
independent agency
government corporation
civil service
spoils system
merit system
Hatch Act
oversight
police patrol
fire alarm
4. 关于选举
（1）
这个选题近年常考，考的面也非常宽，例如初选、大选、选民投票行为、利益集团、政治行动委员会、捐款、软钱、政党重组、媒体和选举，等等，不用多说，重点如下
Keyterms关键词:
Democratic Party
Republican Party
divided government
national committee
national nominating conventions
direct primary
caucus
party eras
party platform
abortion
gun control
party registration
party activist
party identification
strong Democrat
weak Democrat
independent-leaning Democrat
pure Independent
independent-leaning Republican
weak Republican
strong Republican
party realignment
party dealignment
sex
age
race
family
income
education
sexual orientation
religion
region
raise and spend money
hard money
soft money
political socialization
political participation
Reform Party
Tea Party
Third political parties
Two-party system
linkage institution
liberals and conservatives
front loading
front-runner
gender gap
high-tech campaign
political action committee
Super Tuesday
voter turnout
mass media
media bias
photo ops
poll tax
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Motor Votre Act of 1993
public opinion polls
suffrage
Social Media
Sound bites
Talking heads
Solid South
Literacy laws
public approval
campaign finance reform
elite and class theory
faction
Freedom of Information Act
interest group
lobyyists
5. 关于内外政策
（1）
可重点思考总统的政治遗产和对外政策，以及在对外政策制定上国会的角色；在国内政策制定上，国会和总统之间的博弈，利益集团游说，等等。重点如下
Keyterms关键词:
making policy
agenda setting
policy formulating and adoption
policy implementation
policy evaluation
obstacles
policy fragmentation
economic policy
inflation
deflation
interest rates
the supply of money
foreign competition
international agreements
consumer confidence
mixed economies
Laissez-faire
Keynesian economics
fiscal policy
deficit spending
supply-side
budget deficits
Federal Reserve Board (the Fed)
reserve requirement
dicount rate
open market operations
the Council of Economic Advisors
the National Economic Council
the Office of Management and Budget
the Secretary of the Treasury
policy initiatives
fiscal year
Mandatory spedning
Entitlement programs
Social Security
social-welfare programs
Medicare / Medicaid
Health care
Patient Protection and Affordable HealthCare Act
Discretionary spending
balance of trade
trade deficits
WTO
NAFTA
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